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Do you understand these signal words?
Some words in English join two ideas. They tell the relationship between the ideas. These words are important
because they help you understand the ideas.
Look for these signal words when you are reading. Words like first, second, last, finally or then tell you
about the order of something. And joins two ideas equally. It adds ideas. Read the following example.

Nurses supervise the care of patients, and they assist doctors.
But shows differences between ideas.
Many nurses work in hospitals, but many other nurses work in schools and factories.
Or shows a choice between two ideas.
People sometimes have accidents, or they become sick suddenly.
So shows the result.
The patient had a smallpox vaccination, so he did not get smallpox.
For example explains a statement with a word picture.
Some nurses specialize in one kind of medicine. For example, some specialize in pediatrics.
Look at each of the italicized word in the following sentences. Circle the letter of the words with the
same meaning as that word. Look back at the reading if you want. But do not use your dictionary. Use
the context to guess the meaning.

1. Like doctors, nurses sometimes specialize.
a. Both doctors and nurses.
b. Only doctors.
c. Doctors but not nurses
d. Doctors like nurses

2. A nurse’s job is difficult. However, most nurses want to help sick people.
a. and b. but c. or d. for example
3. Vaccinations prevent diseases like smallpox, cholera, or measles.

a. and b. but c. for example d. so
4. Nurses work in many different places. They work in hospitals, factories, schools, or doctors’
offices. Therefore, there are many different kinds of nursing jobs.
a. and b. but c. so d. or
5. Nurses sometimes study medical specialties, such as pediatric nursing or surgical nursing.

a. and b. however c. so d. for example
6. Practical nurses help professional nurses. On the other hand, professional nurses assist doctors.
a. however b. for example c. or d. so

What do these words mean?
Pronouns, such as he, she, their, these, who, take the place of nouns. You will understand the reading
better if you understand pronouns and their nouns. Look at the sentences in the following exercise. A
pronoun or possessive is italicized. Look at the first sentence. Do the others in the same way.

1. Nurses are part of health care. They have two jobs.
2. Most nurses in hospitals are general-duty nurses. They supervise patients and assist doctors.
3. In their classroom studies, nurses learn about the body, nutrition, and drugs.

4. Most nurses who work in hospitals are general-duty nurses.

5. Practical nurses are another kind of nurse. These nurses also study about nursing care.
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